From waste to resource: Training young researchers on developing innovative, circular solutions for wastewater treatment sludge - INCLUE

Developing innovative, circular solutions for wastewater treatment sludge

INCLUE Project Objectives

INCLUE will set up the first European doctoral training network on developing innovative, circular solutions for the treatment of sludge containing pollutants.

INCLUE will train 11 creative and entrepreneurially-minded DCs via an international, intersectoral and interdisciplinary research training program in the field of sludge pre-treatment combined with state-of-the-art bioconversion techniques and multi-level toxicity assessment, for the effective removal and/or recovery of both hazardous and valuable compounds from municipal and industrial sludges.

The success of the program is guaranteed via a unique combination of state-of-the-art PhD research, intersectoral secondments, international mobility and interdisciplinary platform-wide courses.

Research Objectives

Develop and optimise sustainable techniques to enhance the properties and composition of sludge through removal of (in)organic pollutants to eliminate any adverse effects for sludge application (i) in a subsequent bioconversion process or (ii) directly as a fertiliser on land.

Develop augmented fermentative bioconversion processes to produce renewable chemicals and fuels, and to recover nutrients from municipal and industrial sludges, potentially combined with pre-treatment technologies.

Create tools to assess the overall environmental performance of treated sludges towards toxicity, pollutant soil dynamics and agricultural
fertilising value in a combined decision support tool (WP3) for 5 different types of pollutants: pesticides, endocrine disrupting compounds, heavy metals, PFAS and antibiotics. Develop a socio-economic evaluation tool, to support decision-making and societal acceptance.

INCLUE: an interdisciplinary project and a truly intersectoral and international consortium

INCLUE RESEARCH FOCUS

WP1

Upgrading sludge properties via innovative treatment processes

WP2

Renewable chemicals and fuels production via augmented sludge bioconversion

WP3

Eco-Impact Assessment

News & Blog

INCLUE Project Presented at STOWA Slib Symposium 2025

On the 2nd of October, the INCLUE project was featured at the STOWA Slib Symposium 2025, where researchers and industry experts gathered to discuss the future of sludge (“slib” in Dutch) management in the Netherlands under the theme “Zijn we klaar voor 2050?” (“Are we ready for 2050?”). Andrea Deiana (DC4) presented a pitch on his research, ensuring that the fate of emerging contaminants would not slib out of the talks. Covering topics from sludge incineration capacity to the presence of contaminants of emerging concern, from dewatering to alternative uses

Read More

From Impact to Insight: Applying Life Cycle Approaches for Sustainable Decisions

On Friday, 5 and 19 September 2025, KU Leuven’s Doctoral Researcher Paniz Pouryaghoubi (DC8) hosted two interactive workshops on Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology and the use of GaBi (Sphera) software for environmental sustainability evaluations. The goal of the sessions was to deepen participants’ understanding of sustainability metrics and environmental impact analyses while equipping them with the essential knowledge to conduct LCA modeling. LCA is a powerful methodology for evaluating the environmental impacts of a product or process throughout its entire life cycle, from raw material extraction to disposal. As highlighted

Read More

My Secondment in France: Science, Culture, and Dreams Fulfilled

When I landed in France for my two-month secondment at WatchFrog, I thought I was simply stepping into a new lab, another phase of my PhD. But life, as it often does, surprised me. These weeks became much more than science—they became a journey of rediscovery, resilience, friendship, and fulfilling long-held dreams. In the lab, I found myself reconnecting with an old love. After years devoted to chemical and biological treatments, it felt like coming home to dive again into biology, biochemistry, and toxicology. At WatchFrog, I learned about ecotoxic

Read More

INCLUE Researcher Tiago Martins Nominated MSCA Fellow of the Month (August)

The INCLUE project is proud to announce that our researcher, Tiago Martins, has been selected as the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions (MSCA) Fellow of the Month for August. The MSCA Fellow of the Month is a monthly spotlight initiative by the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions, showcasing the achievements of outstanding fellows across Europe and beyond. The recognition highlights not only scientific excellence but also the impact of fellows’ work on society, sustainability, and international collaboration. This recognition highlights Tiago’s outstanding contribution to sustainable innovation in wastewater treatment. His research at KU Leuven

Read More

Exploring Torrefaction of Sludge and Microplastics

From June to August 2025, INCLUE Doctoral Candidate Andrea Deiana (DC4) completed his first secondment in collaboration with Torwash, one of the project’s most active associate partners. Under the guidance of Jan Pels, researcher and co-founder of Torwash, Andrea conducted a series of tests on the thermal treatment of microplastics and sludge under varying conditions. This work is part of a joint research effort with Doctoral Candidate Martine (DC6), based at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU). Together, they are investigating the effects of combining thermal processes and anaerobic

Read More

DC1 begins secondment at University of Oxford

Francisco Ayala, DC1 from KU Leuven, has begun on July 2nd his secondment at James Kwan’s research group (University of Oxford), internationally recognized for its expertise in sonochemistry and reactor engineering. Here, Francisco will deepen his research on ultrasound degradation and defluorination of PFAS. Prof. Kwan’s group is uniquely equipped with state-of-the-art and in-lab developed ultrasound reactors that can operate across a wide range of frequencies and pressures. This will allow Francisco to explore how mid- and high-frequency and pressures influence PFAS degradation pathways, defluorination efficiency, energy consumption, and by-product

Read More

INCLUE Project Presented at STOWA Slib Symposium 2025

On the 2nd of October, the INCLUE project was featured at the STOWA Slib Symposium 2025, where researchers and industry experts gathered to discuss the future of sludge (“slib” in Dutch) management in the Netherlands under the theme “Zijn we klaar voor 2050?” (“Are we ready for 2050?”). Andrea Deiana (DC4) presented a pitch on his research, ensuring that the fate of emerging contaminants would not slib out of the talks. Covering topics from sludge incineration capacity to the presence of contaminants of emerging concern, from dewatering to alternative uses

Read More

From Impact to Insight: Applying Life Cycle Approaches for Sustainable Decisions

On Friday, 5 and 19 September 2025, KU Leuven’s Doctoral Researcher Paniz Pouryaghoubi (DC8) hosted two interactive workshops on Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology and the use of GaBi (Sphera) software for environmental sustainability evaluations. The goal of the sessions was to deepen participants’ understanding of sustainability metrics and environmental impact analyses while equipping them with the essential knowledge to conduct LCA modeling. LCA is a powerful methodology for evaluating the environmental impacts of a product or process throughout its entire life cycle, from raw material extraction to disposal. As highlighted

Read More

My Secondment in France: Science, Culture, and Dreams Fulfilled

When I landed in France for my two-month secondment at WatchFrog, I thought I was simply stepping into a new lab, another phase of my PhD. But life, as it often does, surprised me. These weeks became much more than science—they became a journey of rediscovery, resilience, friendship, and fulfilling long-held dreams. In the lab, I found myself reconnecting with an old love. After years devoted to chemical and biological treatments, it felt like coming home to dive again into biology, biochemistry, and toxicology. At WatchFrog, I learned about ecotoxic

Read More

INCLUE Researcher Tiago Martins Nominated MSCA Fellow of the Month (August)

The INCLUE project is proud to announce that our researcher, Tiago Martins, has been selected as the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions (MSCA) Fellow of the Month for August. The MSCA Fellow of the Month is a monthly spotlight initiative by the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions, showcasing the achievements of outstanding fellows across Europe and beyond. The recognition highlights not only scientific excellence but also the impact of fellows’ work on society, sustainability, and international collaboration. This recognition highlights Tiago’s outstanding contribution to sustainable innovation in wastewater treatment. His research at KU Leuven

Read More

Exploring Torrefaction of Sludge and Microplastics

From June to August 2025, INCLUE Doctoral Candidate Andrea Deiana (DC4) completed his first secondment in collaboration with Torwash, one of the project’s most active associate partners. Under the guidance of Jan Pels, researcher and co-founder of Torwash, Andrea conducted a series of tests on the thermal treatment of microplastics and sludge under varying conditions. This work is part of a joint research effort with Doctoral Candidate Martine (DC6), based at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU). Together, they are investigating the effects of combining thermal processes and anaerobic

Read More

DC1 begins secondment at University of Oxford

Francisco Ayala, DC1 from KU Leuven, has begun on July 2nd his secondment at James Kwan’s research group (University of Oxford), internationally recognized for its expertise in sonochemistry and reactor engineering. Here, Francisco will deepen his research on ultrasound degradation and defluorination of PFAS. Prof. Kwan’s group is uniquely equipped with state-of-the-art and in-lab developed ultrasound reactors that can operate across a wide range of frequencies and pressures. This will allow Francisco to explore how mid- and high-frequency and pressures influence PFAS degradation pathways, defluorination efficiency, energy consumption, and by-product

Read More

INCLUE in numbers

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